| ABOUT DOG SHOWS
[关于犬展赛]
The basic purpose of dog shows is to facilitate the evaluation of breeding stock for use in producing the next generations.
[举行犬展赛的基本目标是促进那些用于繁殖下一代的（各类犬）种群的评价。]
JUDGING AND STANDARDS
[评判和标准]
Each breed's parent club creates a STANDARD, a written description of the ideal specimen of that breed.
[每一个品种的分会都制定出一个书面化的用该品种典型的特征来描述的标准。]
Generally relating form to function, i.e., the original function that the dog was bred to perform.
[（标准）主要与职能相关，也就是最最初的犬被驯养来实现的职能。]
most standards describe general appearance, movement, temperament, and specific physical traits such as height and weight, coat, colors, eye color and shape, ear shape and placement, feet, tail, and more.
[多数标准描绘了（犬的）通常外观，运动，性情，以及一些具体的身体特点，诸如：身高，体重，被毛，颜色，眼睛的颜色和形状，耳朵的形状和位置，足部，尾部等等。]
Some standards can be very specific, some can be rather general and leave much room for individual interpretation by judges.
[ 有一些标准是非常具体的，有一些则是概括的，给裁判员个性化的判断以更大的空间。]
This results in the sport's subjective basis: one judge, applying his or her interpretation of the standard, giving his or her opinion of the best dog on that particular day.
[这些导致在此项活动中的主观评价：一名裁判员，运用他或她对标准的理解，评选出展赛当天最好的犬。]
Standards are written, maintained and owned by the parent clubs of each breed.
[所有标准由每一个品种的分会制订、修改和拥有。]
（解释了标准的来源----是依据最初犬被驯养来实现的职能，这非常关键。也强调了展赛评判的主观性。）
BENCHED SHOWS
[长椅式展赛]
The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is one of the few benched dog shows in this country.
[西敏寺犬俱乐部的展赛是我国少数长倚式展赛之一。]
Originally, most shows were "benched" in some fashion, where the entered dogs were required to be in assigned areas (on benches) at all times when not being judged in the ring.
[最早，大多数展赛都是长椅式的，那些参赛的狗被要求在指定的地方（某一长椅上）等待上场。]
This allowed for interaction of dogs and their owners with spectators and other owners and breeders as an educational process.
[（长椅式展赛）可以让犬和主人与观众和其他主人或犬主在过程中相互学习。]
GROUPS
[分组]
1、SPORTING: These are gun dogs that were developed to assist the hunter, and generally have high energy and stable temperaments. Pointers and Setters point and mark the game, Spaniels flush the bird, Retrievers recover the game from land or water.
[运动组：他们是随枪诞生的，被开发以用来帮助猎人（狩猎），通常都具有较好的体力和稳定的性情。Pointers 和 Setters是在狩猎中指示（猎物）位置的，Spaniels是用来趋惊禽类的，Retrievers是用来取回在路上或水中的猎物的。]
2、HOUND: Hounds were originally classified as Sporting dogs, but were assigned their own group in 1930. These dogs are hunters that bring down the game themselves, or hold it at bay until the hunter arrives, or locate the game by tracking it by scent. Sighthounds hunt by sight, Scenthounds by tracking with their superior olfactory senses.
[狩猎组：狩猎犬最初也分类在运动组中，但是在1930年后，成立的单独一组。这些犬可以独立狩猎，自己完成全过程；或者是吠叫着等待主人；或是通过气味循迹（帮助主人）狩猎。Sighthounds通过视力来发现猎物，Scenthounds通过她们超级灵敏的嗅觉追踪猎物。]
3、WORKING: These dogs are generally intelligent and powerfully built, performing a variety of tasks, including guarding homes and livestock, serving as draft animals, and as police, military and service dogs.
[工作组：此组的犬大都聪明而强壮，可执行各种任务，包括：用于看护家庭和家畜，作为牵引动物，作为军警犬或其他服务性犬。]
4、TERRIER: "Terrier" comes from the Latin word, terra (ground) as these determined and courageous dogs must be small enough and agile enough to "go to ground" to pursue their quarry (rats, foxes, and other vermin). All but the Australian Terrier and the Miniature Schnauzer were developed in the United Kingdom.
[小猎犬组：Terrier源自拉丁语，坚定勇敢的小猎犬必须有足够小和灵活的身体来进入地下去驱赶猎物（包括鼠类，狐类和其他害兽）。除了Australian Terrier和the Miniature Schnauzer以外，所有小猎犬都是在英国繁育的。]
5、TOY: Toy dogs were bred to be companions for people. They are full of life and spirit and often resemble their larger cousins (e.g., Pomeranian as a Nordic breed, the Papillon a little Spaniel, and the Toy Poodle the smallest variety of the Poodle).
[玩赏组：玩赏犬是为了陪伴人而开发的。它们富于活力和精力，通常同他们近亲的外貌非常相似。（例如：Pomeranian 与 Nordic breed, the Papillon 与 little Spaniel, the Toy Poodle是Poodle中最小的一种。）
6、NON-SPORTING: The AKC originally registered dogs as either Sporting or Non-Sporting. Hounds and Terriers split off the Sporting Group, Toys and Working from the Non-Sporting, and later, Herding from the Working Group. The remaining dogs, with a great diversity of traits not fitting any of the above, comprise the Non-Sporting Group.
[非运动组：AKC组织最早是以运动或非运动来注册犬的类别的。狩猎组和小猎犬组后来从运动组分出。玩赏组和工作组从非运动组分出；后来，牧放组从工作组中分出。剩下的具有各种显著特点而不属于上述犬种的犬种，组成非工作组。]
7、HERDING: This group split off from the Working Group in 1983. Herding is a natural instinct in dogs, and their purpose is to serve ranchers and farmers by moving livestock from one place to another.
[牧放组：这一组在1983年从工作组分化而来。牧放是这组犬的本能，他们存在的目的就是要帮助牧人或农民从一个地方向另一个地方迁移牲畜。]
（看到上述文字也就不难理解为什么国外的犬业要比国内发达，勇于实践，在实践中发展呀。）
TERMINOLOGY
[术语]
BEST OF BREED (BOB): The dog selected or the award made by a judge to that dog chosen as the best representative of the Breed. Similarly, Best of Variety (BOV) is the same award given to the best representative of a Variety exhibited that day (see VARIETY). In either case, those dogs selected BOB and those selected BOV each advance to their groups.
[最佳饲养（BOB）：被展赛裁判选中的最能代表本犬种特征的参赛犬。最佳品种奖（BOV）是颁发给展赛中同犬种中某一品种的，与BOB相似（参见下文VARIETY）。无论是那种情况，被选为BOB或BOV的犬都是他们组内最优秀的犬。]
BEST OF OPPOSITE SEX (BOS): The dog selected as the best in competition of the opposite *** of the BOB or BOV winner. This dog does not adance.
[最佳异性（BOS）：在竞赛中被选为BOB或BOV的获胜犬的相反性别犬。]
VARIETY: A division of a breed based on coat, color, or size. For example, Poodles (size: Standard, Miniature, Toy), Cocker Spaniels (color: Black, Parti-color, ASCOB); Collies (coat: Rough, Smooth).
[种类：一种依据被毛，颜色，尺寸的分类（方法）。例如：Poodles（按尺寸划分为标准，小型和玩赏型。），Cocker Spaniels（按照颜色划分为黑色，杂色和ASCOB），Collies（按照被毛划分为粗毛和细毛。）
（这个概念对藏獒竞赛非常适用。）
AWARD OF MERIT: At the discretion of the judge, an additional award made to outstanding entries that are not judged to be either BOB / BOV or BOS.
[价值奖：依据裁判员的判断产生的，额外奖励给BOB/BOV或BOS以外的出色的犬。]
BEST IN SHOW (BIS): The award or the dog selected from among the seven finalists as the best dog among all entries.
[最佳展赛奖：从全部参赛犬种中选出的参加最后决赛的七组最优中选出的最佳犬。]
CHAMPION: A title or the dog that has earned a certain number of points (15) in competition with wins in AKC shows. A dog must be a champion to enter Westminster.
[冠军：在AKC组织的展赛中，通过获胜而增加到足够积分点数（15）的犬。只有获得过冠军的犬才能加入西敏寺。]
BREEDER: The owner of the dam when she was bred to produce the dog.
[繁育人：用于繁殖的母犬的所有者。]
（同志们，这点太重要了，繁殖者、拥有者、训练者是不同的概念，我们过多强调了拥有者，展赛更要展示繁育者的贡献。）
BREEDER-OWNER-HANDLER: An individual who bred, owns and handles that dog. Similarly, an Owner-Handler is someone who handles a dog that they also own.
[繁育人-主人-训犬人：繁育，拥有和训练犬的人。主人-训犬人：系训练他们所拥有的犬的人。]
BREEDER-JUDGE: Someone licensed to judge dogs of their breed.
[繁育裁判员：具有授权的评判犬类和其繁育后代的人。]
PROFESSIONAL HANDLER: Someone who handles a dog for a fee.
[专业训犬人：免费训练狗的专业人事。]
ALL ROUNDER: An individual licensed to judge every breed.
[通场裁判：具有授权评判任何犬钟的人。]
STANDARD: The written description of the traits and movement of the ideal specimen of a breed, generally based on form and function. Each parent club creates and maintains their breed standard. Judges are to judge dogs by comparing them to the standard for their breed.
[标准：一个典型品种的外型特征和理想运动的书面描述，通常依据外观和职能。每一个分会制定和修改他们自己的饲养标准。裁判员通过与饲养标准的比较来判定（结果）。]
CONFORMATION: The structure and physical characteristics of a dog.
[构造：狗的结构和身体特性。]
STACK: The pose itself or the posing of the dog by a handler in its natural stance.
[评判姿态：犬自然的姿势或是训犬人依据其自然站立（引导它）形成的姿势。]
GAIT: The action of movement of the dog. Generally speaking, a sound and balanced gait usually indicates proper conformation and structure.
[步态：犬在移动过程中的动作。通常来说，清晰而均匀的步伐声显示出良好的构造和结构。]
BREED TYPE: The manifestation of those unique traits and characteristics of a dog that distinguish it as a particular breed.
[品种类型：用以区别于其他品种的一种犬具备的独一无二的的特点和特征的全部表现。]
BENCHED SHOW: A show where dogs are required to be on assigned benches while not being shown. This allows all concerned - spectators, breeders, handlers and owners - the opportunity to interact, ask questions, and share information about the various breeds.
[长椅式展赛：当参赛犬没有参加比赛时，被要求保持在一个地方不动的一种展赛方式。这种方式允许所有有关的人：观众，繁殖者，训练者和主人有机会互动，提问和分享各种品种的信息。]
LIMITED ENTRY: Where the entry is governed by certain parameters set by the club, such as total number of dogs or champions only; or in Junior Showmanship, a certain number of qualifying wins for the handler.
[限入：展赛的条件被俱乐部通过一些参数专门指定。如：参赛犬总数和冠军数，展示方法，对训犬人而言的获奖次数。]
CATALOG: The compilation by breed of all dogs entered in the show, listing armband numbers, birthdates, sire and dam, breeders and owners.
[目录：由全部参赛犬组成的名录。标注出参赛号，生日，血统，繁殖者和主人。] | 
